A wide range of materials have been used for the development of intervertebral cages. Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) has been shown to be an excellent biomaterial with characteristics similar to trabecular bone. Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been shown to enhance biocompatibility and mechanical properties of PPF. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effect of PPF augmented with HA (PPF:HA) and evaluate the feasibility of this material for the development of cervical cages. PPF was synthesized and combined with HA at PPF:HA wt:wt ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40. Molds were fabricated for testing PPF:HA bulk materials in compression, bending, tension, and hardness according to ASTM standards, and also for cage preparation. The cages were fabricated with and without holes and with porosity created by salt leaching. The samples as well as the cages were mechanically tested using a materials testing frame. All elastic moduli as well as the hardness increased significantly by adding HA to PPF (p < 0.0001). The 20 wt % HA increased the moduli significantly compared to pure PPF (p < 0.0001). Compressive stiffness of all cages also increased with the addition of HA. HA increased the failure load of the porous cages significantly (p = 0.0018) compared with nonporous cages. PPF:HA wt:wt ratio of 80:20 proved to be significantly stiffer and stronger than pure PPF. The current results suggest that this polymeric composite can be a suitable candidate material for intervertebral body cages.
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October 2018
Research-Article
Poly(Propylene Fumarate)–Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite Can Be a Suitable Candidate for Cervical Cages
Yong Teng,
Yong Teng
Department of Physiology and
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Orthopedic Center,
General Hospital of Xinjiang
Military Region PLA,
Uygur Autonomous Region,
Xinjiang 830000, China
e-mail: orthtengyong@163.com
General Hospital of Xinjiang
Military Region PLA,
Uygur Autonomous Region,
Xinjiang 830000, China
e-mail: orthtengyong@163.com
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Hugo Giambini,
Hugo Giambini
Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: giambini.hugo@mayo.edu
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: giambini.hugo@mayo.edu
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Asghar Rezaei,
Asghar Rezaei
Department of Physiology and
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: rezaei.asghar@mayo.edu
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: rezaei.asghar@mayo.edu
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Xifeng Liu,
Xifeng Liu
Department of Physiology and
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: liu.xifeng@mayo.edu
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: liu.xifeng@mayo.edu
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A. Lee Miller, II,
A. Lee Miller, II
Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: miller.alan@mayo.edu
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: miller.alan@mayo.edu
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Brian E. Waletzki,
Brian E. Waletzki
Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: waletzki.brian@mayo.edu
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: waletzki.brian@mayo.edu
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Lichun Lu
Lichun Lu
Department of Physiology and
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: lu.lichun@mayo.edu
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: lu.lichun@mayo.edu
Search for other works by this author on:
Yong Teng
Department of Physiology and
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Orthopedic Center,
General Hospital of Xinjiang
Military Region PLA,
Uygur Autonomous Region,
Xinjiang 830000, China
e-mail: orthtengyong@163.com
General Hospital of Xinjiang
Military Region PLA,
Uygur Autonomous Region,
Xinjiang 830000, China
e-mail: orthtengyong@163.com
Hugo Giambini
Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: giambini.hugo@mayo.edu
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: giambini.hugo@mayo.edu
Asghar Rezaei
Department of Physiology and
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: rezaei.asghar@mayo.edu
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: rezaei.asghar@mayo.edu
Xifeng Liu
Department of Physiology and
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: liu.xifeng@mayo.edu
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: liu.xifeng@mayo.edu
A. Lee Miller, II
Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: miller.alan@mayo.edu
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: miller.alan@mayo.edu
Brian E. Waletzki
Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: waletzki.brian@mayo.edu
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: waletzki.brian@mayo.edu
Lichun Lu
Department of Physiology and
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Biomedical Engineering,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905;
Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: lu.lichun@mayo.edu
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, MN 55905
e-mail: lu.lichun@mayo.edu
1Corresponding author.
Manuscript received January 19, 2018; final manuscript received May 29, 2018; published online June 21, 2018. Assoc. Editor: James C. Iatridis.
J Biomech Eng. Oct 2018, 140(10): 101009 (8 pages)
Published Online: June 21, 2018
Article history
Received:
January 19, 2018
Revised:
May 29, 2018
Citation
Teng, Y., Giambini, H., Rezaei, A., Liu, X., Lee Miller, A., , II, Waletzki, B. E., and Lu, L. (June 21, 2018). "Poly(Propylene Fumarate)–Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite Can Be a Suitable Candidate for Cervical Cages." ASME. J Biomech Eng. October 2018; 140(10): 101009. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4040458
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