This paper presents a computational study of entrainment characteristics in the near-field of gas jets under atmospheric and Diesel conditions and sprays under Diesel conditions. Computed flowfield information is used to estimate the rate of mass entrainment in the jet and derive the entrainment rate constant. The value of the entrainment rate constant is compared to experimental results in the literature. It is found that the computed values of the constant in the near-field are less than the values in the self-similar region of the jet with the values increasing monotonically from the orifice to the self-similar region. These results are consistent with experimental results. In the case of sprays, it is found that it is difficult to arrive at firm conclusions because the results are sensitive to several parameters that are not well known and to the numerics. The computed results for sprays are also discussed relative to measurements in sprays quoted in the literature. [S0098-2202(00)00802-6]
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
1.
Bracco, F., 1985, “Structure of High-Speed Full-Cone Sprays,” Recent Advances in the Aerospace Sciences, C. Casci, ed., Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 189–212.
2.
Reitz
, R.
, 1987
, “Modeling Atomization Processes in High-Pressure Vaporizing Sprays
,” Atom. Spray Technol.
, 31
, pp. 309
–337
.3.
O’Rourke, P., and Amsden, A., 1987, “The TAB Method for Numerical Calculation of Spray Droplet Breakup,” Society of Automotive Engineers Paper SAE 872089.
4.
Andrews
, M.
, 1993
, “The Large-Scale Fragmentation of the Intact Liquid Core of a Spray Jet
,” Atomization Sprays
, 3
, pp. 29
–54
.5.
Abraham
, J.
, 1997
, “What is Adequate Resolution in the Numerical Computations of Transient Jets?
” SAE Trans.
, 106
, pp. 141
–151
.6.
Iyer
, V.
, and Abraham
, J.
, 1997
, “Penetration and Dispersion of Transient Gas Jets and Sprays
,” Combust. Sci. Technol.
, 130
, pp. 315
–334
.7.
Iyer
, V.
, and Abraham
, J.
, 1998
, “The Computed Structure of a Combusting Transient Jet Under Diesel Conditions
,” SAE Trans.
, 107
, pp. 1669
–1693
.8.
Aneja, R., and Abraham, J., 1998, “Comparisons of Computed and Measured Results of Combustion in a Diesel Engine,” Society of Automotive Engineers Paper SAE 980786.
9.
Aneja
, R.
, and Abraham
, J.
, 1998
, “How Far Does the Liquid Penetrate in a Diesel Engine: Computed Results vs. Measurements?
” Combust. Sci. Technol.
, 138
, pp. 233
–256
.10.
Ricou
, F.
, and Spalding
, D.
, 1961
, “Measurements of Entrainment by Axisymmetrical Turbulent Jets
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 11
, pp. 21
–32
.11.
Abraham
, J.
, 1996
, “Entrainment Characteristics of Transient Gas Jets
,” Numer. Heat Transfer, Part A
, 30
, pp. 347
–364
.12.
Crow
, S.
, and Champagne
, F.
, 1971
, “Orderly Structure in Jet Turbulence
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 48
, pp. 547
–591
.13.
Hill
, B.
, 1972
, “Measurement of Local Entrainment Rate in the Initial Region of Axisymmetric Turbulent Air Jets
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 51
, pp. 773
–779
.14.
Wall
, T.
, Nguyen
, H.
, Subramanian
, V.
, Mai-Viet
, T.
, and Howley
, P.
, 1980
, “Direct Measurements of the Entrainment by Single and Double Concentric Jets in the Regions of Transition and Flow Establishment
,” Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng.
, 58
, pp. 237
–241
.15.
Liepmann
, D.
, and Gharib
, M.
, 1992
, “The Role of Streamwise Vorticity in the Near-Field Entrainment of Round Jets
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 245
, pp. 643
–668
.16.
Andriani, R., Coghe, A., and Cossali, G., 1996, “Near-Field Entrainment in Unsteady Gas Jets and Diesel Sprays: A Comparative Study,” Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 2549–2556.
17.
Cho, I., Fujimoto, H., Kuniyoshi, H., Ha, J., Tanabe, H., and Sato, G., 1990, “Similarity Law of Entrainment into Diesel Spray and Steady Spray,” Society of Automotive Engineers Paper SAE 900447.
18.
Ha, J., Iida, N., Sato, G., Hayashi, A., and Tanabe, H., 1984, “Experimental Investigation of the Entrainment into Diesel Spray,” Society of Automotive Engineers Paper SAE 84107.
19.
Bracco
, F.
, 1985
, “Modeling of Engine Sprays
,” SAE Trans.
, 94
, pp. 144
–167
.20.
Magi
, V.
, 1987
, “A New 3-D Code for Flows, Sprays, and Combustion in Reciprocating and Rotary Engines
,” Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Report, No. 1793, Princeton University.21.
Amsden
, A.
, 1993
, “KIVA-3: A KIVA Program with Block-Structured Mesh for Complex Geometries
,” Los Alamos Laboratory Report No. LA-12503-MS, Los Alamos, New Mexico.22.
Launder
, B. E.
, and Spalding
, D. B.
, 1974
, “The Numerical Computations of Turbulent Flows
,” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.
, 3
, pp. 269
–289
.23.
Chatwani, A., and Bracco, F., 1985, “Computation of Dense Spray Jets,” ICLASS 85, Paper 1B/1/1, Proceedings published by the Institute of Energy, London.
24.
O’Rourke, P., and Bracco, F., 1980, “Modeling of Drop Interactions in Thick Sprays and a Comparison with Experiments,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 9, pp. 101–106.
25.
Gosman, A., and Ioannides, E., 1981, “Aspects of Computer Simulation of Liquid-Fueled Combustors,” American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Paper AIAA 810323.
26.
Reitz, R., and Diwaker, R., 1987, “Structure of High-Pressure Fuel Sprays,” Society of Automotive Engineers Paper SAE 870598.
27.
Abraham
, J.
, and Magi
, V.
, 1998
, “A Model for Multicomponent Droplet Vaporization in Sprays
,” SAE Trans.
, 107
, pp. 603
–613
.28.
Abraham, J., and Givler, S., 1999, “Conditions in Which Vaporizing Fuel Drops Reach a Critical State in a Diesel Engine,” Society of Automotive Engineers Paper SAE 1999-01-0511.
29.
Abdel-Rahman
, A.
, Chakroun
, W.
, and Al-Fahed
, S.
, 1997
, “LDA Measurements in the Turbulent Round Jet
,” Mech. Res. Commun.
, 24
, pp. 277
–288
.30.
Post, S., 1998, “A Computational and Experimental Study of Near-Field Entrainment in Steady Gas Jets,” M.S.M.E. thesis, Purdue University.
31.
Pope
, S. B.
, 1978
, “An Explanation of the Turbulent Round-Jet/Plane-Jet Anomaly
,” AIAA J.
, 16
, pp. 279
–281
.32.
Hanjalic
, K.
, and Launder
, B.
, 1980
, “Sensitizing the Dissipation Equation to Irrotational Strains
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
, 102
, pp. 34
–40
.33.
Kuo
, T.-W.
, and Bracco
, F. V.
, 1982
, “On the Scaling of Impulsively Started Incompressible Turbulent Round Jets
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 104
, pp. 191
–197
.34.
Wood
, P. E.
, and Chen
, C. P.
, 1985
, “Turbulence Model Predictions of the Radial Jet—A Comparison of k-ε Models
,” Can. J. Chem. Eng.
, 63
, pp. 177
–182
.35.
Wilcox, D. C., 1994, Turbulence Modeling for CFD, DCW Industries, Inc., La Canada, California.
36.
Abraham, J., Khan, A., and Magi, V., 1999, “Jet-Jet and Jet-Wall Interactions in a Diesel Engine,” Society of Automotive Engineers Paper SAE 1999-01-0513.
37.
Cossali, G., Gerla, A., Coghe, A., and Brunello, G., 1996, “Effect of Gas Density and Temperature on Air Entrainment in a Transient Diesel Spray,” Society of Automotive Engineers Paper SAE 960862.
38.
Kozma, J., and Farrell, P., 1997, “Air Entrainment in a High Pressure Diesel Spray,” Society of Automotive Engineers Paper SAE 971620.
39.
MacInnes, J., and Bracco, F., 1992, “Comparisons of Deterministic and Stochastic Computations of Drop Collisions in Dense Sprays,” Numerical Approaches to Combustion Modeling, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, E. S. Oran and J. P. Boris, eds., AIAA, Washington D.C., Vol. 135, pp. 615–642.
Copyright © 2000
by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
