Doped and undoped zinc oxide fibers were fabricated by electrospinning at various solution flow rates of 2, 4, and 6 μl/min followed by sintering at 550 °C. The nanogenerators (NGs) fabricated from the fibers were examined for their performance by applying loads (0.25–1.5 kg) representing fingers taps on the keyboard. A higher solution flow rate resulted in a larger fiber diameter, thus reducing nanogenerator voltage. The maximum power density for undoped zinc oxide-based and doped zinc oxide-based nanogenerators was 17.6 and 51.7 nW/cm2, respectively, under a load of 1.25 kg. Enhancing nanogenerator stability is a topic that should be investigated further.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Meng
, X.
, Yang
, C.
, Chen
, Q.
, and Yang
, J.
, 2013
, “Influence of the PZT Film Thickness on the Structure and Electrical Properties of the ZnO/PZT Heterostructure
,” J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron.
, 24
(1
), pp. 160
–165
.10.1007/s10854-012-1004-22.
Chen
, X.
, Xu
, S.
, Yao
, N.
, and Shi
, Y.
, 2010
, “1.6 V Nanogenerator for Mechanical Energy Harvesting Using PZT Nanofibers
,” Nano Lett.
, 10
(6
), pp. 2133
–2137
.10.1021/nl100812k3.
Ramam
, K. V. S.
, Murthy
, K. V. R.
, Trinath
, K.
, and Bhanumathi
, A.
, 1995
, “Piezoelectric Properties, Hysteresis Behaviour and Dielectric Properties of PMN-PZT Ceramics
,” Bull. Mater. Sci.
, 18
(5
), pp. 587
–592
.10.1007/BF027448444.
Park
, K. I.
, Xu
, S.
, Liu
, Y.
, Hwang
, G. T.
, Kang
, S. J. L.
, Wang
, Z. L.
, and Lee
, K. J.
, 2010
, “Piezoelectric BaTiO3 Thin Film Nanogenerator on Plastic Substrates
,” Nano Lett.
, 10
(12
), pp. 4939
–4943
.10.1021/nl102959k5.
Terashi
, Y.
, Purwanto
, A.
, Wang
, W. N.
, Iskandar
, F.
, and Okuyama
, K.
, 2008
, “Role of Urea Addition in the Preparation of Tetragonal BaTiO3 Nanoparticles Using Flame-Assisted Spray Pyrolysis
,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.
, 28
(13
), pp. 2570
–2580
.10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.03.0026.
Lee
, H.
, Cooper
, R.
, Wang
, K.
, and Liang
, H.
, 2008
, “Nano-Scale Characterization of a Piezoelectric Polymer (Polyvinylidene Difluoride, PVDF)
,” Sensors
, 8
(11
), pp. 7359
–7368
.10.3390/s81173597.
Indolia
, A. P.
, and Gaur
, M. S.
, 2012
, “Investigation of Structural and Thermal Characteristics of PVDF/ZnO Nanocomposites
,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.
, 113
(2
), pp. 821
–830
.10.1007/s10973-012-2834-08.
Parija
, B.
, Badapanda
, T.
, Senthil
, V.
, Rout
, S. K.
, and Panigrahi
, S.
, 2012
, “Diffuse Phase Transition, Piezoelectric and Optical Study of Bi0·5Na0·5TiO3 Ceramic
,” Bull. Mater. Sci.
, 35
(2
), pp. 197
–202
.10.1007/s12034-012-0276-89.
Zhao
, M. H.
, Wang
, Z. L.
, and Mao
, S. X.
, 2004
, “Piezoelectric Characterization of Individual Zinc Oxide Nanobelt Probed by Piezoresponse Force Microscope
,” Nano Lett.
, 4
(4
), pp. 587
–590
.10.1021/nl035198a10.
Chang
, W. Y.
, Fang
, T. H.
, Iweng
, C.
, and Yang
, S. S.
, 2011
, “Flexible Piezoelectric Harvesting Based on Epitaxial Growth of ZnO
,” Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process.
, 102
(3
), pp. 705
–711
.10.1007/s00339-010-5962-z11.
Gopal
, P.
, and Spaldin
, N. A.
, 2006
, “Polarization, Piezoelectric Constants, and Elastic Constants of ZnO, MgO, and CdO
,” J. Electron. Mater.
, 35
(4
), pp. 538
–542
.10.1007/s11664-006-0096-y12.
Kim
, Y. H.
, Baek
, N. S.
, Kim
, K. H.
, and Jung
, S.-D.
, 2012
, “Simplifying Patterning Process of ZnO Nanowires by One Step Development and Etching Process
,” J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol.
, 64
(2
), pp. 304
–308
.10.1007/s10971-012-2858-813.
Lee
, S. H.
, Lee
, S. S.
, Choi
, J. J.
, Jeon
, J. U.
, and Ro
, K.
, 2005
, “Fabrication of a ZnO Piezoelectric Micro Cantilever With a High-Aspect-Ratio Nano Tip
,” Microsyst. Technol.
, 11
(6
), pp. 416
–423
.10.1007/s00542-004-0494-014.
Momeni
, K.
, Asthana
, A.
, Prasad
, A.
, Yap
, Y. K.
, and Shahbazian-Yassar
, R.
, 2012
, “Structural Inhomogeneity and Piezoelectric Enhancement in ZnO Nanobelts
,” Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process.
, 109
(1
), pp. 95
–100
.10.1007/s00339-012-7081-515.
Pan
, M. C.
, Wu
, T. H.
, Bui
, T. A.
, and Shih
, W. C.
, 2012
, “Fabrication of Highly C-Axis Textured ZnO Thin Films Piezoelectric Transducers by RF Sputtering
,” J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron.
, 23
(2
), pp. 418
–424
.10.1007/s10854-011-0490-y16.
Park
, J. A.
, Moon
, J.
, Lee
, S. J.
, Lim
, S. C.
, and Zyung
, T.
, 2009
, “Fabrication and Characterization of ZnO Nanofibers by Electrospinning
,” Curr. Appl. Phys.
, 9
(3
), pp. S210
–S212
.10.1016/j.cap.2009.01.04417.
Ren
, H.
, Ding
, Y.
, Jiang
, Y.
, Xu
, F.
, Long
, Z.
, and Zhang
, P.
, 2009
, “Synthesis and Properties of ZnO Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning
,” J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol.
, 52
(2
), pp. 287
–290
.10.1007/s10971-009-2030-218.
Shen
, X.
, Sun
, J.
, Zhu
, G.
, Ji
, Z.
, Chen
, Z.
, and Li
, N.
, 2013
, “Morphological Syntheses of ZnO Nanostructures Under Microwave Irradiation
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 48
(6
), pp. 2358
–2364
.10.1007/s10853-012-7017-719.
Wang
, Z. L.
, 2007
, “Novel Nanostructures of ZnO for Nanoscale Photonics, Optoelectronics, Piezoelectricity, and Sensing
,” Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process.
, 88
(1
), pp. 7
–15
.10.1007/s00339-007-3942-820.
Yang
, X.
, Shao
, C.
, Guan
, H.
, Li
, X.
, and Gong
, J.
, 2004
, “Preparation and Characterization of ZnO Nanofibers by Using Electrospun PVA/Zinc Acetate Composite Fiber as Precursor
,” Inorg. Chem. Commun.
, 7
(2
), pp. 176
–178
.10.1016/j.inoche.2003.10.03521.
Haertling
, G. H.
, 1999
, “Ferroelectric Ceramics: History and Technology
,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
, 82
(4
), pp. 797
–818
.10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01840.x22.
Uchino
, K.
, 2003
, “Introduction to Piezoelectric Actuators and Transducers
,” International Center for Actuators and Transducers, Pennsylvania State University, Technical Report No. 0704-0188
.23.
Devan
, R. S.
, Patil
, R. A.
, Lin
, J. H.
, and Ma
, Y. R.
, 2012
, “One-Dimensional Metal-Oxide Nanostructures: Recent Developments in Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
,” Adv. Funct. Mater.
, 22
(16
), pp. 3326
–337
.10.1002/adfm.20120100824.
Jin
, D.
, and Meng
, Z.
, 2003
, “Functionally Graded PZT/ZnO Piezoelectric Composites
,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett.
, 22
(13
), pp. 971
–974
.10.1023/A:102461292993625.
Lin
, R. C.
, Chen
, Y. C.
, and Kao
, K. S.
, 2007
, “Two-Step Sputtered ZnO Piezoelectric Films for Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators
,” Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process.
, 89
(2
), pp. 475
–479
.10.1007/s00339-007-4157-826.
Wang
, M. R.
, Wang
, J.
, Chen
, W.
, and Wang
, L. D.
, 2005
, “Influence of Li+ Dopants on the Properties of the ZnO Piezoelectric Films
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 40
(19
), pp. 5281
–5284
.10.1007/s10853-005-0520-327.
Hsu
, H. L.
, Yang
, C. B.
, Huang
, C. H.
, and Hsu
, C. Y.
, 2013
, “Electrical and Optical Studies of Ga-Doped ZnO Thin Films
,” J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron.
, 24
(1
), pp. 13
–19
.10.1007/s10854-012-0735-428.
Wang
, C.
, Xu
, D.
, Xiao
, X.
, Zhang
, Y.
, and Zhang
, D.
, 2007
, “Effects of Oxygen Pressure on the Structure and Photoluminescence of ZnO Thin Films
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 42
(23
), pp. 9795
–9800
.10.1007/s10853-007-1992-029.
Murali
, K. V.
, Ragina
, A. J.
, Preetha
, K. C.
, Deepa
, K.
, and Remadevi
, T. L.
, 2013
, “Influence of Ammonia, Lithium Hydroxide, and Hexamine on ZnO Films Synthesized by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction Technique
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 48
(4
), pp. 1852
–1861
.10.1007/s10853-012-6982-130.
Momeni
, K.
, Odegard
, G. M.
, and Yassar
, R. S.
, 2010
, “Nanocomposite Electrical Generator Based on Piezoelectric Zinc Oxide Nanowires
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 108
(11
), p. 114303
.10.1063/1.351709531.
Dong
, Z.
, Kennedy
, S. J.
, and Wu
, Y.
, 2011
, “Electrospinning Materials for Energy-Related Applications and Devices
,” J. Power Sources
, 196
(11
), pp. 4886
–4904
.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.09032.
Reneker
, D. H.
, and Yarin
, A. L.
, 2008
, “Electrospinning Jets and Polymer Nanofibers
,” Polymer
, 49
(10
), pp. 2387
–2425
.10.1016/j.polymer.2008.02.00233.
Teo
, W. E.
, Inai
, R.
, and Ramakrishna
, S.
, 2011
, “Technological Advances in Electrospinning of Nanofibers
,” Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater.
, 12
(1
), p. 013002
.10.1088/1468-6996/12/1/01300234.
Heikkila
, P.
, Hirvikorpi
, T.
, Hilden
, H.
, Sievanen
, J.
, Hyvarinen
, L.
, Harlin
, A.
, and Vaha-Nissi
, M.
, 2012
, “High Surface Area Nanostructured Tubes Prepared by Dissolution of ALD-Coated Electrospun Fibers
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 47
(8
), pp. 3607
–3612
.10.1007/s10853-011-6207-z35.
Li
, C.
, Lv
, J.
, and Liang
, Z.
, 2012
, “Effects of Al Doping on the Optical and Electrical Properties of Pre-Synthesized ZnO Powders by Solid State Method
,” J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron.
, 23
(9
), pp. 1673
–1677
.10.1007/s10854-012-0645-536.
Yuan
, X.
, Zhang
, Y.
, Dong
, C.
, and Sheng
, J.
, 2004
, “Morphology of Ultrafine Polysulfone Fibers Prepared by Electrospinning
,” Polym. Int.
, 53
(11
), pp. 1704
–1710
.10.1002/pi.153837.
Lee
, D. Y.
, Kim
, B. Y.
, Lee
, S. J.
, Lee
, M. H.
, Song
, Y. S.
, and Lee
, J. Y.
, 2006
, “Titania Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning
,” J. Korean Phys. Soc.
, 48
(6
), pp. 1686
–1690
.38.
Pham
, Q. P.
, Sharma
, U.
, and Mikos
, A. G.
, 2006
, “Electrospinning of Polymeric Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review
,” Tissue Eng.
, 12
(5
), pp. 1197
–1211
.10.1089/ten.2006.12.119739.
Ramakrishna
, S.
, Fujihara
, K.
, Teo
, W. E.
, Lim
, T. C.
, and Ma
, Z.
, 2005
, An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers
, World Scientific
, Singapore
.40.
Li
, Z.
, and Wang
, C.
, 2013
, One-Dimensional Nanostructures Electrospinning Technique and Unique Nanofibers
, Springer
, New York.
41.
Baek
, J. H.
, Park
, J.
, Kang
, J.
, Kim
, D.
, Koh
, S. W.
, and Kang
, Y. C.
, 2012
, “Fabrication and Thermal Oxidation of ZnO Nanofibers Prepared Via Electrospinning Technique
,” Bull. Korean Chem.
, 33
(8
), pp. 2694
–2698
.10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.8.269442.
Wang
, D. W.
, Cao
, M. S.
, Yuan
, J.
, Zhao
, Q. L.
, Li
, H. B.
, Lin
, H. B.
, and Zhang
, D. Q.
, 2011
, “Piezoelectric, Ferroelectric and Mechanical Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate/Zinc Oxide Nanowhisker Ceramics
,” J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron.
, 22
(9
), pp. 1393
–1399
.10.1007/s10854-011-0319-843.
Salem
, J. K.
, Hammad
, T. M.
, and Harrison
, R. R.
, 2012
, “Synthesis, Structural and Optical Properties of Ni-Doped ZnO Micro-Spheres
,” J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron.
, 24
(5
), pp. 1670
–1676
.10.1007/s10854-012-0994-044.
Rutledge
, G. C.
, Li
, Y.
, Fridrikh
, S.
, Warner
, S. B.
, Kalayci
, V. E.
, and Patra
, P.
, 2000
, “Electrostatic Spinning and Properties of Ultrafine Fibers
,” National Textile Center, Technical Report, No. M98-D01.
45.
Bahadur
, H.
, Samanta
, S. B.
, Srivastava
, A. K.
, Sood
, K. N.
, Kishore
, R.
, Sharma
, R. K.
, Basu
, A.
, Rashmi
, Kar
, M.
, Pal
, P.
, Bhatt
, V.
, and Chandra
, S.
, 2006
, “Nano and Micro Structural Studies of Thin Films of ZnO
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 41
(22
), pp. 7562
–7570
.10.1007/s10853-006-0841-x46.
Loh
, K. J.
, and Chang
, D.
, 2011
, “Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Polymeric Thin Films for Dynamic Strain Sensing
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 46
(1
), pp. 228
–237
.10.1007/s10853-010-4940-347.
Chang
, J.
, Dommer
, M.
, Chang
, C.
, and Lin
, L.
, 2012
, “Piezoelectric Nanofibers for Energy Scavenging Applications
,” Nano Energy
, 1
(3
), pp. 356
–371
.10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.02.00348.
Dicken
, J.
, Mitcheson
, P. D.
, Stoianov
, I.
, and Yeatman
, E. M.
, 2009
, “Increased Power Output From Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters by Pre-Biasing
,” PowerMEMS 2009, Washington, DC, Dec. 1–4, pp. 75
–78
.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.