The difference in the degree of plastic constraint in the vicinity of a pre-existing crack brings about difficulty in the evaluation of fracture performance of weldments when using fracture toughness obtained by conventional fracture toughness test results. The constraint controlling factors can be divided into two main areas, geometrical and material factors. The effect of both factors on the stress/strain behavior in the vicinity of a crack tip is discussed systematically based on previous research and numerical analyses. It is clarified that the common fracture parameters such as J and CTOD do not always represent material constants because of the change of stress/strain behavior as a result of the difference in plastic constraint. The possibility of evaluation based on the local approach is discussed in order to link between structural integrity assessment and fracture toughness evaluation.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
1.
Milne
I.
1977
, “Fracture Toughness Testing of a Quenched and Tempered Medium Strength Steel in Ductile-Brittle Transition Range
,” Materials Science and Engineering
, Vol. 30
, pp. 243
–251
.2.
Milne
I.
Worthington
P. J.
1976
, “The Fracture Toughness of a Low Alloy Pressure Vessel Steel in the Post Yield Regime
,” Materials Science and Engineering
, Vol. 26
, pp. 185
–193
.3.
Chell
G. G.
Spink
G. M.
1977
, “A Post Yield Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Three-Point Bend Specimens and its Implications to Fracture Toughness Testing
,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics
, Vol. 9
, pp. 101
101
.4.
Chell
G. G.
Gates
R. S.
1978
, “A Study of Failure in the Post Yield Regime Using Single Edge-Notched Tension Specimen
,” International Journal of Fracture
, Vol. 14
, p. 233
233
.5.
Chell
G. G.
Davidson
A.
1976
, “A Post-Yield Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Single Edge-Notched Specimen
,” Materials Science and Engineering
, Vol. 24
, p. 45
45
.6.
Landes
J. D.
1981
, “Evaluation of the KIC Size Criterion
,” International Journal of Fracture
, Vol. 17
, p. R47
R47
.7.
ASTM E399-83, 1983, “Standard Test Method for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials.”
8.
JSME S 001-81, 1981.
9.
ASTM E813-87, 1987, “Standard Test Method for JIC, A Measure of Fracture Toughness.”
10.
Davidenkov
N. N.
Spridonova
N. I.
1946
, “Analysis of the State of Stress in the Neck of a Tension Test Specimen
,” Proceedings, ASTM
, Vol. 46
, p. 1147
1147
.11.
Bridgman, P. W., 1950, Studies in Large Plastic Flow and Fracture, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, Chap. 1.
12.
Southwell
R.
Allen
G.
1950
, “Plastic Straining In Two-Dimensional Stress Systems
,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.
, A242
, p. 379
379
.13.
Sokolovsky, B. B., 1969, ‘N˜SN˜EN˜ON˜QN˜IN˜‘ N˜PN˜@N˜RN˜SN˜IN˜WN˜NN˜ON˜RN˜SN˜I’, Moscow, Russia; 1973, transl. in Japanese by Ohashi.
14.
Orowan
E.
1945
, Transactions of Institute of Engineer Shipbuilders
, Scotland, Vol. 89
, p. 165
165
.15.
Ewing
D. J. F.
Hill
R.
1967
, Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids
, Vol. 15
, p. 115
115
.16.
Ewing
D. J. F.
1968
, Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids
, Vol. 16
, p. 205
205
.17.
Bakshi
O. A.
1962
, “The Static Tensile Strength of Welded Joints With a Soft Interlayer
,” Svar. Proiz.
, Vol. 5
, p. 6
6
.18.
Satoh
K.
Toyoda
M.
1971
, “Effect of Mechanical Heterogeneity on the Static Strength of Welded Joints
,” (in Japanese), Journal of Japan Welding Society
, Vol. 40
, p. 885
885
.19.
Toyoda, M., 1973, “Static Strength of Undermatched Welded Joint,” (in Japanese), doctoral thesis, Osaka University.
20.
Satoh
K.
Toyoda
M.
1975
, “Joint Strength of Heavy Plates With Lower Strength Weld Metal
,” Welding Journal
, Vol. 54
, p. 311s
311s
.21.
Satoh
K.
1979
, “Undermatching Electrode Applied to HT80 Heavy for Penstock
,” Welding Journal
, Vol. 58
, p. 25s
25s
.22.
Irwin
G. R.
1960
, “Fracture Mode Transition for a Crack Transversing a Plate
,” Journal of Basic Engineering
, TRANS. ASME, Vol. 82
, pp. 417
–425
.23.
Bluhm
J. I.
1961
, “A Model for the Effect of Thickness on Fracture Toughness
,” ASTM Proceedings
, Vol. 61
, pp. 1324
–1331
.24.
Broek, D., and Vlieger, H., 1964, “The Thickness Effect in Plane Stress Fracture Toughness,” National Aerospace Institute of Amsterdam, Report 74032.
25.
Ito
T.
Tanaka
K.
Sato
M.
1972
, “Effect of Plate Thickness on Brittle Fracture Initiation From in Weld Fusion Line
,” (in Japanese), Journal of Society of Naval Architects of Japan
, Vol. 131
, pp. 335
–343
.26.
Hagiwara
Y.
Mimura
H.
1979
, “Effect of Plate Thickness on Fracture Toughness by Means of Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics
,” (in Japanese), Tetsu-to-Hagane
, Vol. 65
, pp. 226
–234
.27.
JWES, 1981, “Study on Fracture Toughness Criterion” (in Japanese), Japan Welding Engineering Society, FTC-Comm, Feb.
28.
Kawano
S.
Shimizu
S.
Nagai
K.
1983
, “Fracture Mechanics Approach to Thickness Effect on Brittle Under Large Scale Yielding of Mild Steel
,” Trans. Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
, Vol. 21
, pp. 113
–126
.29.
Kawano, S., Tada, M., Yajima, H., and Nagai, K., 1986, “Thickness Effect on Brittle Fracture Toughness of Weld Metal of High Tensile Strength Steel,” IIW Doc. X-1121-86.
30.
Burdekin
F. M.
1967
, “Initiation of Brittle Fracture in Structural Steels
,” British Welding Journal
, Vol. 14
, pp. 649
–659
.31.
Sih
G. C.
Hartranft
R. J.
1973
, “Variation of Strain Energy Release Rate With Plate Thickness
,” International Journal of Fracture
, Vol. 9
, pp. 74
–82
.32.
Sunamoto, D., et al., 1977, “Specimen Size Effect on J-Integral Fracture Toughness Fracture,” Proceedings, ICF 4, Vol. 3, pp. 267–272.
33.
Nakasa
K.
Takei
H.
1978
, “The Sheet Thickness Dependency of Fracture Toughness in High Strength Steels
,” Trans. ISIJ
, Vol. 18
, pp. 25
–32
.34.
Dawes, M. G., 1979, “Elastic-Plastic Fracture Toughness Based on the COD and J-Contour Integral Concepts,” ASTM STP 668, pp. 307–333.
35.
Pisarski
H. G.
1981
, “Influence of Thickness on Critical Crack Opening Displacement (COD) and J Values
,” International Journal of Fracture
, Vol. 17
, pp. 427
–440
.36.
Wallin
K.
1985
, “The Size Effect in Results
,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics
, Vol. 22
, pp. 149
–163
.37.
Satoh
K.
Toyoda
M.
Minami
F.
1988
, “The Effect of Thickness on Fracture Toughness of Welds in Steel
,” Welding in the World
, Vol. 29
, pp. 230
–249
.38.
Williams
M. L.
1957
, “On the Stress Distribution at the Base of a Stationary Crack
,” ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics
, Vol. 24
, pp. 109
–114
.39.
Rice
J. R.
1974
, “Limitations to the Small-Scale Yielding Approximation for Crack Tip Plasticity
,” Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids
, Vol. 22
, pp. 17
–26
.40.
Larsson
S. G.
Carlsson
A. J.
1973
, “Influence of Non-Singular Stress Terms and Specimen Geometry on Small-Scale Yielding at Crack Tips in Elastic-Plastic Materials
,” Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids
, Vol. 21
, pp. 263
–277
.41.
Leevers
P. S.
Randon
J. C.
1982
, “Inherent Stress Biaxiality in Various Fracture Specimen Geometries
,” International Journal of Fracture
, Vol. 19
, pp. 311
–325
.42.
Kfouri
A. P.
1986
, “Some Evaluations of the Elastic T-Term Using Eshelby’s Method
,” International Journal of Fracture
, Vol. 19
, pp. 311
–325
.43.
Sham
T.-L.
1991
, “The Determination of the Elastic T-Term Using Higher Order Weight Functions
,” International Journal of Fracture
, Vol. 48
, pp. 81
–102
.44.
Betegon
C.
Hancock
J. W.
1991
, “Two-Parameter Characterization of Elastic-Plastic Crack-Tip Fields
,” ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics
, Vol. 58
, pp. 104
–110
.45.
Wang, Y.-Y., 1991, “A Two-Parameter Characterization of Elastic-Plastic Crack Tip Fields and Applications to Cleavage Fracture,” Ph. D. thesis, MIT, May.
46.
MacLennan, I. J., and Hancock, J. W., 1992, “The Effect of Constraint on the Ductile-Brittle Transition,” Proceedings, International Conference on Shallow Crack Fracture Mechanics, Toughness Tests and Applications, Cambridge.
47.
Hancock, J. W., 1992, “A Two Parameter Approach to the Fracture Behaviour of Short Cracks,” Proceedings, International Conference on Shallow Crack Fracture Mechanics, Toughness Tests and Applications, Cambridge.
48.
Wang, Y.-Y., and Parks, D. M., 1992, “Characterization of Constraint Effect on Cleavage Fracture Using T-Stress,” Proceedings, International Conference on Shallow Crack Fracture Mechanics, Toughness Tests and Applications, Cambridge.
49.
O’Dowd
N. P.
Shih
C. F.
1991
, “Family of Crack-Tip Fields Characterization by a Triaxiality Parameter—I. Structure of Fields
,” Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids
, Vol. 39
, pp. 989
–1015
.50.
O’Dowd
N. P.
Shih
C. F.
1991
, “Family of Crack-Tip Fields Characterization by a Triaxiality Parameter—II. Fracture Applications
,” Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids
, Vol. 40
, pp. 939
–963
.51.
Shih, C. F., and O’Dowd, N. P., 1992, “A Fracture Mechanics Approach Based on a Toughness Locus,” Proceedings, International Conference on Shallow Crack Fracture Mechanics, Toughness Tests and Applications, Cambridge.
52.
Anderson, T. L., 1984, “Effect of Crack-Tip Region Constraint on Fracture in the Ductile-to-Brittle Transition,” NBSIR 84-3001.
53.
Shell
G. G.
Spink
G. M.
1977
, “A Post Yield Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Three-Point Bend Specimens and its Implications to Fracture Toughness Testing
,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics
, Vol. 9
, pp. 101
–121
.54.
de Castro, P. M. S. T., Spurrier, J., and Hancock, P., 1979, “An Experimental Study of the Crack Length/Specimen Width (a/W) Ration Dependence of the Crack Opening Displacement (COD) Test Using Small-Scale Specimens,” ASTM STP 677, pp. 486–497.
55.
de Castro
P. M. S. T.
Spurrier
J.
Hancock
P.
1981
, “Comparison of J Techniques and Correlation J-COD Using Structural Steel Specimens
,” International Journal of Fracture
, Vol. 17
, pp. 83
–96
.56.
Wa¨stberg, S., 1988, “Engineering Significance of Short Cracks Located in Local Brittle Zones,” Proceedings, 7th International OMAE Conference, Houston, Vol. III, pp. 287–295.
57.
Koc¸ak, M., Schwalbe, K.-H., et al., 1988, “Effects of Notch Position and Weld Metal Matching on CTOD of HAZ,” Proceedings, International Conference on Weld Failures, London.
58.
Koc¸ak, M., Schwalbe, K.-H., et al., 1989, “Evaluation of HAZ Toughness by CTOD and Tensile Panels,” European Symposium on Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics, Freiburg.
59.
Betegon, C., and Hancock, J. W., 1990, “Two Parameter Characterization of Elastic-Plastic Crack Tip Fields and Associated Failure Criterion,” Proceedings, ECF 8, Torino, Vol. 2, pp. 999–1002.
60.
Kirk, M. T., Koppenhoefer, K. C., and Chih, C. F., 1992, “Effect of Constraint on Specimen Dimension Needed to Obtain Structural Relevant Toughness Measures,” submitted to ASTM for publication.
61.
Sumpter, J. D. G., and Forbes, A. T., 1992, “Constraint Based Analysis of Shallow Cracks in Mild Steel,” Proceedings, International Conference on Shallow Crack Fracture Mechanics, Toughness Tests and Applications, Cambridge.
62.
Cotterell, B., 1992, “The Effect of Constraint on Fracture of Carbon and Low Alloy Steel,” Proceedings, International Conference on Shallow Crack Fracture Mechanics, Toughness Tests and Applications, Cambridge.
63.
Ruggieri
C.
1992
, “Local Approach to Notch Depth Dependence of CTOD Results
,” Journal of Naval Architects of Japan
, Vol. 171
, pp. 493
–499
.64.
Toyoda
M.
1993
, “Influence of Strain Hardenability of Material on Resistance to Brittle Fracture Initiation
,” Quarterly Journal of Japan Welding Society
, Vol. 11
, pp. 570
–575
.65.
Minami, F., et al., 1993, “Signince of Shallow Notch CTOD Test in Fracture Performance Evaluation of Welded Joint,” Proceedings, 12th International Conference on OMAE, Glasgow, Vol. III-B, pp. 761–768.
66.
Satoh
K.
Toyoda
M.
Tanaka
K.
1981
, “Fracture Behaviour of Surface-Notched Plate Subjected to Tension or Plate Bending
,” (in Japanese), Journal of Japan Welding Society
, Vol. 50
, pp. 736
–742
.67.
Kaihara
S.
1986
, “Applicability of Bending CODs for Assessing Fracture Strength of Low-Temperature Service Steel Weldments
,” (in Japanese), Quarterly Journal of Japan Welding Society
, Vol. 4
, pp. 176
–181
.68.
Kaihara, S., 1986, “Effect of LBZ on Brittle Fracture Initiation of Welds of Low Temperature Use Steels” (in Japanese), doctoral thesis, Osaka University.
69.
Toyoda, M., 1992, “Significance of Mismatching of Steel Welds,” IIW Doc. X-1254-92, 121.
70.
Toyoda
M.
Thaulow
C.
Blauel
J. G.
1994
, “Strength Mis-Matching and Its Influence on the Performance of Welded Structures
,” Mis-Matching of Welds
, ESIS 17
, pp. 335
–350
.71.
Satoh
K.
1984
, “A Proposal of Generalized COD Criterion and its Application to Welds
,” (in Japanese), Quarterly Journal of Japan Welding Society
, Vol. 2
, pp. 447
–454
.72.
Arimochi, K., Nakanishi, M., Toyoda, M., and Satoh, K., 1984, “Local CTOD Criterion Applied to Fracture Evaluation of Weldments,” Proceedings, International Symposium on Storage and Transport of LPG and LNG, Brugges.
73.
Minami, F., Hada, S., Ruggieri, C., and Toyoda, M., 1992, “Analysis of Strength Mis-Matching of Welds on Fracture Performance of HAZ-Notched Joint,” IIW Doc. X-1254-92.
74.
Toyoda
M.
1994
, “Fracture Property of HAZ-Notched Weld Joint With Mechanical Mis-Matching—Part I, Effect of Local Mechanical Mis-Matching on Fracture Initiation in Steel Weldments
,” Mis-Matching of Welds
, ESIS 17
, pp. 399
–415
.75.
Koc¸ak, M., Es-Soumi, M., Chen, L., and Schwalbe, K.-H., 1989, “Microstructure and Weld Metal Matching Effects on Heat Affected Zone Toughness,” Proceedings, 8th International Conference on OMAE, The Hague, Vol. III, pp. 623–631.
76.
Koc¸ak, M., et al., 1988, “Effects of Notch Position and Weld Metal Matching on CTOD of HAZ,” Proceedings, International Conference on Weld Failures, London.
77.
Minami, F., Toyoda, M., Thaulow, C., and Hauge, M., 1994, “Effect of Strength Mis-Match on Fracture Mechanical Behaviour of HAZ-Notched Weld Joint,” IIW Doc. XF-008-94.
78.
El-Shennawy, M., Minami, F., and Toyoda, M., 1994, “Effect of Geometrical Discontinuity on Fracture Behaviour of Steel Plate,” (to be published).
79.
Beremin
F. M.
1983
, “A Local Criterion for Cleavage Fracture of a Nuclear Pressure Vessel Steel
,” Metal. Trans, A
, Vol. 14A
, pp. 2277
–2287
.80.
Mudry
F.
1987
, “A Local Approach to Cleavage Fracture
,” Nuclear Engineering Design
, Vol. 105
, pp. 65
–76
.81.
Minami, F., Ruggieri, C., and Toyoda, M., 1994, “Transferability of Fracture Toughness From CTOD Specimen to Fracture Properties of Structural Component by Local Approach,” IIW Doc. (to be published).
This content is only available via PDF.
Copyright © 1997
by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
