Abstract

The golf industry has a $170 billion economic impact in the United States, and a vital aspect of the sport is golf course putting green performance. The goal of putting green management is to provide a surface on which a golf ball is rolled uniformly while maintaining acceptable yearlong turfgrass quality. Several devices have been developed to quantify golf ball roll dynamics on putting greens; however, there are limited methods to measure putting green ball roll uniformity. The objective of this research was to assess putting green ball roll uniformity by measuring the dispersion of golf balls released from a modified Perfect Putter device. The Perfect Putter is a lightweight and portable ramped device that was modified to include a fixed hinge to minimize human error associated with golf ball release and a wider base for increased stability. Our method for quantifying ball roll uniformity was as follows: 20 golf balls were released from the device and marked individually. Dispersion length was quantified by measuring the maximum linear distance between two marks parallel to the roll line, whereas dispersion width was quantified by measuring the maximum linear distance between two marks perpendicular to the roll line. These two values were multiplied together to calculate the area of golf ball dispersion. This method measured a range of dispersion areas among geographic locations, turfgrass cultivars, and turfgrass canopy heights. This rapid test of putting surface ball roll uniformity has potential to aid bermudagrass turfgrass managers in maximizing putting green playability.

References

1.
Farrally
M. R.
,
Cochran
A. J.
,
Crews
D. J.
,
Hurdzan
M. J.
,
Price
R. J.
,
Snow
J. T.
, and
Thomas
P. R.
, “
Golf Science Research at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
,”
Journal of Sports Sciences
21
, no. 9 (
2003
):
753
765
, https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000102123
2.
3.
Monteith
J.
 Jr.
, “
Testing Turf with a Mechanical Putter
,”
United States Golf Association Green Section Record
9
, no. 
1
(
1929
):
3
6
.
4.
Richards
J. S.
,
Karcher
D. E.
,
Nikolai
T. A.
,
Henderson
J. J.
, and
Sorochan
J. C.
, “
A Comparison of Two Devices Used to Measure Golf Course Putting Greens
,”
Applied Turfgrass Science
6
, no. 1 (
2009
).
5.
Stimpson
E. S.
, “
Introducing the Stimp
,”
Golfdom: The Business Journal of Golf
11
(
1937
):
40
44
.
6.
Stimpson
E. S.
, “
Putting Greens: How Fast?
,”
Golf Journal
27
(
1974
):
28
29
.
7.
Peart
A.
, “
Put to the Test
,”
Australian Turfgrass Management Journal
15
, no. 
4
(
2013
):
36
38
.
8.
Pelz
D.
, “
An Improved Apparatus and Technique for Measuring Green-Speed
,”
Science and Golf IV
(
2003
):
748
760
.
9.
Li
D.
,
Henderson
J.
,
Vanini
J. T.
, and
Rodgers
J. N.
 III
, “
Research Tools and Technologies for Turfgrass Establishment
,” in
Turfgrass: Biology, Use, and Management
(
Madison, WI
:
American Society of Agronomy
,
2013
),
1189
1239
, https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr56.c31
10.
Radko
A. M.
, “
How Fast Are Your Greens?
,”
United States Golf Association Green Section Record
15
(
1977
):
10
11
.
11.
Thomas
F. W.
, “
How It All Began
,”
United States Golf Association Green Section Record
21
(
1983
):
10
11
.
12.
United States Golf Association “
Stimpmeter Instruction Manual
” (
Far Hills, NJ
:
United States Golf Association
,
2012
).
13.
Gaussoin
R.
,
Nus
J.
, and
Leuthold
L.
, “
A Modified Stimpmeter for Small-Plot Turfgrass Research
,”
HortScience
30
, no. 
3
(
1995
):
547
548
, https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.30.3.547
14.
Lodge
T. A.
, “
An Apparatus for Measuring Green Speed
,”
The Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute
68
(
1992
):
128
130
.
15.
Brede
A. D.
, “
Correction for Slope in Green Speed Measurement of Golf Course Putting Greens
,”
Agronomy Journal
83
, no. 
2
(
1991
):
425
426
, https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300020032x
16.
Rist
A. M.
,
Gaussoin
R. E.
,
Shearman
R. C.
,
Fry
J. D.
, and
Stroup
W. W.
, “
Season and Genotype Influence Golf Ball Roll Distance on Creeping Bentgrass
,”
HortScience
32
, no. 
5
(
1997
):
878
879
, https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.32.5.878
17.
The R&A ‘Holing Out’ Test Protocol: A Method for Assessing the Reliability of Putting Surfaces
,” R&A Championships Ltd.,
2012
, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610234027/http://www.greenstester.com/documents/Holing+Out+Test+Protocol.pdf
18.
Linde
D. T.
,
Mitchell
A. D.
, and
Hannan
B.
, “
Comparing Three Methods to Measure Putting Green Trueness
,”
International Turfgrass Society Research Journal
13
, no. 
1
(
2017
):
264
274
, https://doi.org/10.2134/itsrj2016.05.0332
19.
Rana
S. S.
and
Askew
S. D.
, “
Measuring Canopy Anomaly Influence on Golf Putt Kinematics: Errors Associated with Simulated Putt Devices
,”
Crop Science
58
, no. 
2
(
2018
):
900
910
, https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2017.03.0211
20.
Baker
S.
and
Spring
C.
, “
Development of the STRI Trueness Meter™
,”
Bulletin for Sports Surface Management
251
(October
2010
):
21
23
.
21.
Bescansa de la Gandara
R.
and
Redondo
G.
. Ball rolling device. U.S. Patent 8, 277, 339 B2, filed June 23, 2010, and issued October 2,
2012
.
22.
RStudio Team “
RStudio
,” RStudio, Inc.,
2016
, https://web.archive.org/web/20190716190322/https://www.rstudio.com/
23.
R Core Team “
R: The R Project for Statistical Computing
,” The R Foundation,
2017
, https://web.archive.org/web/20190716171602/https://www.r-project.org/
24.
Grau
F. V.
, “
Drift and Speed of Putted Ball on Bents as Determined by Mechanical Putter
,”
United States Golf Association Green Section Record
13
, no. 
3
(
1933
):
74
81
.
25.
Canaway
P. M.
and
Baker
S. W.
, “
Ball Roll Characteristics of Five Turfgrasses Used for Golf and Bowling Greens
,”
Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute
68
(
1992
):
88
94
.
26.
Fagerness
M. J.
,
Yelverton
F. H.
,
Isgrigg
J.
 III
, and
Cooper
R. J.
, “
Plant Growth Regulators and Mowing Height Affect Ball Roll and Quality of Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens
,”
HortScience
35
, no. 
4
(
2000
):
755
759
, https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.35.4.755
27.
Salaiz
T. A.
,
Horst
G. L.
, and
Shearman
R. C.
, “
Mowing Height and Vertical Mowing Frequency Effects on Putting Green Quality
,”
Crop Science
35
, no. 
5
(
1995
):
1422
1425
, https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500050027x
28.
Trenholm
L. E.
,
Carrow
R. N.
, and
Duncan
R. R.
, “
Mechanisms of Wear Tolerance in Seashore Paspalum and Bermudagrass
,”
Crop Science
40
, no. 
5
(
2000
):
1350
1357
, https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2000.4051350x
29.
Dowgiewica
J.
,
Ebdon
J. S.
,
DaCosta
M.
, and
Dest
W. D.
, “
Wear Tolerance Mechanisms in Agrostis Species and Cultivars
,”
Crop Science
51
, no. 
3
(
2011
):
1232
1243
, https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2010.07.0395
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.