Abstract
The metal matrix composites combine the metallic properties of a tough and ductile matrix with properties of reinforcement particles, simultaneously develop the functional properties by proper selection of reinforcements for projected applications. However, hard ceramics reinforcements decrease toughness and ductility of soft matrix and restrict their wide applications. The surface metal matrix composites (SMMCs) preserve the matrix properties with added advanced surface properties by reinforcing particles only in the surface layer. The hybrid surface metal matrix composites (HSMMCs) with more than one reinforcement gained attention in material processing due to their noble tribological behavior and surface properties, which cannot be attained in mono composites. Conventional liquid-phase processing techniques to fabricate hybrid surface composites result in the formation of undesirable brittle compounds, detrimental to desirable properties of composites. Friction stir processing (FSP), a solid-state processing technique, has been used by many investigators using different reinforcements to fabricate mono as well as hybrid surface composites. Friction stir processed (FSPed) hybrid surface composites have not been extensively reviewed. The current review provides a comprehensive understanding of the latest developments of FSP in hybrid surface composites manufacturing. This paper review different reinforcement strategies in the fabrication of FSPed hybrid surface composites and also the effects of single-pass, multipass, and change in pass direction on microstructure and resultant properties. Finally, future directions and challenges to FSPed hybrid surface composites are summarized. This review article containing important information on hybrid surface composites fabrication by FSP will be useful to academicians and investigators in the field.
Issue Section:
Special Issue: Tribology of Additive Manufacturing
References
1.
Bhoi
, N. K.
, Singh
, H.
, and Pratap
, S.
, 2020
, “Developments in the Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced by Micro/Nano Particles–A Review
,” J. Compos. Mater.
, 54
(6
), pp. 813
–833
.2.
Sharma
, D. K.
, Mahant
, D.
, and Upadhyay
, G.
, 2020
, “Manufacturing of Metal Matrix Composites: A State of Review
,” Mater. Today: Proc.
, 26
, pp. 506
–519
.3.
Kannan
, C.
, and Ramanujam
, R.
, 2017
, “Comparative Study on the Mechanical and Microstructural Characterisation of AA 7075 Nano and Hybrid Nanocomposites Produced by Stir and Squeeze Casting
,” J. Adv. Res.
, 8
(4
), pp. 309
–319
. 10.1016/j.jare.2017.02.0054.
Lorenzo-Martin
, M. C.
, and Ajayi
, O. O.
, 2014
, “Surface Layer Modification of 6061 Al Alloy by Friction Stir Processing and Second Phase Hard Particles for Improved Friction and Wear Performance
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 136
(4
), p. 044501
. 10.1115/1.40278605.
Mishra
, R. S.
, and Ma
, Z.
, 2005
, “Friction Stir Welding and Processing
,” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. R: Rep.
, 50
(1–2
), pp. 1
–78
. 10.1016/j.mser.2005.07.0016.
Pantelis
, D.
, Tissandier
, A.
, Manolatos
, P.
, and Ponthiaux
, P.
, 1995
, “Formation of Wear Resistant Al–SiC Surface Composite by Laser Melt–Particle Injection Process
,” Mater. Sci. Technol.
, 11
(3
), pp. 299
–303
. 10.1179/mst.1995.11.3.2997.
Sharma
, D. K.
, Sharma
, M.
, and Upadhyay
, G.
, 2019
, “Boron Carbide (B4C) Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMCs)
,” Int. J. Innovative Technol. Exploring Eng.
, 9
(1
), pp. 2194
–2203
. 10.35940/ijitee.A4766.1191198.
Singh
, H.
, Kumar
, D.
, and Singh
, H.
, 2020
, “Development of Magnesium-Based Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite Through in Situ Micro, Nano Reinforcements
,” J. Compos. Mater.
, 55
(1
), pp. 109
–133
.9.
Meng
, C.
, Cui
, H.-c.
, Lu
, F.-g.
, and Tang
, X.-h.
, 2013
, “Evolution Behavior of TiB2 Particles During Laser Welding on Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced With Particles
,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China
, 23
(6
), pp. 1543
–1548
. 10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62628-X10.
Mishra
, R. S.
, Ma
, Z.
, and Charit
, I.
, 2003
, “Friction Stir Processing: a Novel Technique for Fabrication of Surface Composite
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 341
(1–2
), pp. 307
–310
. 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00199-511.
Vedabouriswaran
, G.
, and Aravindan
, S.
, 2019
, “Wear Characteristics of Friction Stir Processed Magnesium RZ 5 Composites
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 141
(4
), p. 041601
. 10.1115/1.404203912.
Jadav
, H. H.
, Badheka
, V.
, Sharma
, D. K.
, and Upadhyay
, G.
, 2020
, “Effect of Pin Diameter and Different Cooling Media on Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Al-Mg Alloys
,” Mater. Today: Proc.
, in press.13.
Sudhakar
, I.
, Reddy
, G. M.
, and Rao
, K. S.
, 2016
, “Ballistic Behavior of Boron Carbide Reinforced AA7075 Aluminium Alloy Using Friction Stir Processing–An Experimental Study and Analytical Approach
,” Def. Technol.
, 12
(1
), pp. 25
–31
. 10.1016/j.dt.2015.04.00514.
Sudhakar
, I.
, Madhu
, V.
, Reddy
, G. M.
, and Rao
, K. S.
, 2015
, “Enhancement of Wear and Ballistic Resistance of Armour Grade AA7075 Aluminium Alloy Using Friction Stir Processing
,” Def. Technol.
, 11
(1
), pp. 10
–17
.15.
Mahoney
, M. W.
, and Mishra
, R. S.
, 2007
, “Friction Stir Welding and Processing
,” ASM Int.
16.
Scharf
, T.
, and Prasad
, S.
, 2013
, “Solid Lubricants: A Review
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 48
(2
), pp. 511
–531
.17.
Alidokht
, S.
, Abdollah-Zadeh
, A.
, Soleymani
, S.
, and Assadi
, H.
, 2011
, “Microstructure and Tribological Performance of an Aluminium Alloy Based Hybrid Composite Produced by Friction Stir Processing
,” Mater. Des.
, 32
(5
), pp. 2727
–2733
.18.
Alidokht
, S.
, Abdollah-Zadeh
, A.
, and Assadi
, H.
, 2013
, “Effect of Applied Load on the Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour and the Subsurface Deformation on Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite
,” Wear
, 305
(1–2
), pp. 291
–298
. 10.1016/j.wear.2012.11.04319.
Palanivel
, R.
, Dinaharan
, I.
, Laubscher
, R.
, and Davim
, J. P.
, 2016
, “Influence of Boron Nitride Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Wear Behavior of AA6082/TiB2 Hybrid Aluminum Composites Synthesized by Friction Stir Processing
,” Mater. Des.
, 106
, pp. 195
–204
. 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.12720.
Sharma
, D. K.
, Patel
, V.
, Badheka
, V.
, Mehta
, K.
, and Upadhyay
, G.
, 2019
, “Fabrication of Hybrid Surface Composites AA6061/(B4C + MoS2) via Friction Stir Processing
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 141
(5
), p. 052201
. 10.1115/1.404306721.
Singh
, H.
, Singh
, P.
, and Bhowmick
, H.
, 2018
, “Influence of MoS2, H3BO3, and MWCNT Additives on the Dry and Lubricated Sliding Tribology of AMMC–Steel Contacts
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 140
(4
), p. 041801
. 10.1115/1.403895722.
Gajrani
, K. K.
, Sankar
, M. R.
, and Dixit
, U. S.
, 2018
, “Tribological Performance of MoS2-Filled Microtextured Cutting Tools During dry Sliding Test
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 140
(2
), p. 021301
. 10.1115/1.403735423.
Nazari
, M.
, Eskandari
, H.
, and Khodabakhshi
, F.
, 2019
, “Production and Characterization of an Advanced AA6061-Graphene-TiB2 Hybrid Surface Nanocomposite by Multi-Pass Friction Stir Processing
,” Surf. Coat. Technol.
, 377
, p. 124914
. 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.12491424.
Yaqoob
, B.
, Pasha
, R. A.
, Awang
, M.
, Nasir
, M. A.
, Hussain
, A.
, and Nazir
, K.
, 2019
, “Comparison of Mixing Strategies and Hybrid Ratio Optimization for Mechanical Properties Enhancement of Al-CeO2-GNP’s Metal Matrix Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing
,” Metall. Microstruct. Anal.
, 8
(4
), pp. 534
–544
. 10.1007/s13632-019-00553-025.
Akbari
, M.
, Shojaeefard
, M. H.
, Asadi
, P.
, and Khalkhali
, A.
, 2019
, “Wear and Mechanical Properties of Surface Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites on Al–Si Aluminum Alloys Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. L
, 233
(5
), pp. 790
–799
. 10.1177/146442071770241326.
Ahmadifard
, S.
, Kazemi
, S.
, and Heidarpour
, A.
, 2018
, “Production and Characterization of A5083–Al2O3–TiO2 Hybrid Surface Nanocomposite by Friction Stir Processing
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. L
, 232
(4
), pp. 287
–293
. 10.1177/146442071562397727.
Amra
, M.
, Ranjbar
, K.
, and Dehmolaei
, R.
, 2015
, “Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of CeO2 and SiC Incorporated Al5083 Alloy Surface Composites
,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform.
, 24
(8
), pp. 3169
–3179
. 10.1007/s11665-015-1596-928.
Mahmoud
, E. R.
, Takahashi
, M.
, Shibayanagi
, T.
, and Ikeuchi
, K.
, 2010
, “Wear Characteristics of Surface-Hybrid-MMCs Layer Fabricated on Aluminum Plate by Friction Stir Processing
,” Wear
, 268
(9–10
), pp. 1111
–1121
. 10.1016/j.wear.2010.01.00529.
Mahmoud
, E. R.
, Takahashi
, M.
, Shibayanagi
, T.
, and Ikeuchi
, K.
, 2009
, “Fabrication of Surface-Hybrid-MMCS Layer on Aluminum Plate by Friction Stir Processing and Its Wear Characteristics
,” Mater. Trans.
, 50
(7
), pp. 1824
–1831
.30.
Lu
, D.
, Jiang
, Y.
, and Zhou
, R.
, 2013
, “Wear Performance of Nano-Al2O3 Particles and CNTs Reinforced Magnesium Matrix Composites by Friction Stir Processing
,” Wear
, 305
(1–2
), pp. 286
–290
. 10.1016/j.wear.2012.11.07931.
Asl
, A. M.
, and Khandani
, S.
, 2013
, “Role of Hybrid Ratio in Microstructural, Mechanical and Sliding Wear Properties of the Al5083/Graphitep/Al2O3p a Surface Hybrid Nanocomposite Fabricated via Friction Stir Processing Method
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 559
, pp. 549
–557
. 10.1016/j.msea.2012.08.14032.
Rejil
, C. M.
, Dinaharan
, I.
, Vijay
, S.
, and Murugan
, N.
, 2012
, “Microstructure and Sliding Wear Behavior of AA6360/(TiC+ B4C) Hybrid Surface Composite Layer Synthesized by Friction Stir Processing on Aluminum Substrate
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 552
, pp. 336
–344
. 10.1016/j.msea.2012.05.04933.
Narimani
, M.
, Lotfi
, B.
, and Sadeghian
, Z.
, 2016
, “Evaluation of the Microstructure and Wear Behaviour of AA6063-B4C/TiB2 Mono and Hybrid Composite Layers Produced by Friction Stir Processing
,” Surf. Coat. Technol.
, 285
, pp. 1
–10
. 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.11.01534.
Hosseini
, S.
, Ranjbar
, K.
, Dehmolaei
, R.
, and Amirani
, A.
, 2015
, “Fabrication of Al5083 Surface Composites Reinforced by CNTs and Cerium Oxide Nano Particles via Friction Stir Processing
,” J. Alloys Compd.
, 622
, pp. 725
–733
. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.10.15835.
Yuvaraj
, N.
, and Aravindan
, S.
, 2017
, “Wear Characteristics of Al5083 Surface Hybrid Nano-Composites by Friction Stir Processing
,” Trans. Indian Inst. Met.
, 70
(4
), pp. 1111
–1129
.36.
Eskandari
, H.
, Taheri
, R.
, and Khodabakhshi
, F.
, 2016
, “Friction-stir Processing of an AA8026-TiB2-Al2O3 Hybrid Nanocomposite: Microstructural Developments and Mechanical Properties
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 660
, pp. 84
–96
. 10.1016/j.msea.2016.02.08137.
Patle
, H.
, Mahendiran
, P.
, Sunil
, B. R.
, and Dumpala
, R.
, 2019
, “Hardness and Sliding Wear Characteristics of AA7075-T6 Surface Composites Reinforced With B4C and MoS2 Particles
,” Mater. Res. Express
, 6
(8
), p. 086589
. 10.1088/2053-1591/ab1ff438.
Janbozorgi
, M.
, Shamanian
, M.
, Sadeghian
, M.
, and Sepehrinia
, P.
, 2017
, “Improving Tribological Behavior of Friction Stir Processed A413/SiCp Surface Composite Using MoS2 Lubricant Particles
,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China
, 27
(2
), pp. 298
–304
. 10.1016/S1003-6326(17)60034-739.
Jain
, V. K. S.
, Yazar
, K.
, and Muthukumaran
, S.
, 2019
, “Development and Characterization of Al5083-CNTs/SiC Composites via Friction Stir Processing
,” J. Alloys Compd.
, 798
, pp. 82
–92
.40.
Soleymani
, S.
, Abdollah-Zadeh
, A.
, and Alidokht
, S.
, 2012
, “Microstructural and Tribological Properties of Al5083 Based Surface Hybrid Composite Produced by Friction Stir Processing
,” Wear
, 278–279
, pp. 41
–47
. 10.1016/j.wear.2012.01.00941.
Soleymani
, S.
, Abdollah-Zadeh
, A.
, and Alidokht
, S.
, 2013
, “Microstructural and Tribological Properties of Ultra Fine Grained Hybrid Composite Produced by Friction Stir Processing
,” Mater. Phys. Mech.
, 17
(1
), pp. 6
–10
.42.
Sharma
, A.
, Mani Sharma
, V.
, Sahoo
, B.
, Joseph
, J.
, and Paul
, J.
, 2018
, “Study of Nano-Mechanical, Electrochemical and Raman Spectroscopic Behavior of Al6061-SiC-Graphite Hybrid Surface Composite Fabricated Through Friction Stir Processing
,” J. Compos. Sci.
, 2
(2
), p. 32
.43.
Sharma
, A.
, Sharma
, V. M.
, Mewar
, S.
, Pal
, S. K.
, and Paul
, J.
, 2018
, “Friction Stir Processing of Al6061-SiC-Graphite Hybrid Surface Composites
,” Mater. Manuf. Processes
, 33
(7
), pp. 795
–804
.44.
Amra
, M.
, Ranjbar
, K.
, and Hosseini
, S.
, 2018
, “Microstructure and Wear Performance of Al5083/CeO2/SiC Mono and Hybrid Surface Composites Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing
,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China
, 28
(5
), pp. 866
–878
. 10.1016/S1003-6326(18)64720-X45.
Pol
, N.
, Verma
, G.
, Pandey
, R.
, and Shanmugasundaram
, T.
, 2019
, “Fabrication of AA7005/TiB2-B4C Surface Composite by Friction Stir Processing: Evaluation of Ballistic Behaviour
,” Def. Technol.
, 15
(3
), pp. 363
–368
. 10.1016/j.dt.2018.08.00246.
Prakash
, T.
, Sivasankaran
, S.
, and Sasikumar
, P.
, 2015
, “Mechanical and Tribological Behaviour of Friction-Stir-Processed Al 6061 Aluminium Sheet Metal Reinforced With Al2O3/0.5Gr Hybrid Surface Nanocomposite
,” Arabian J. Sci. Eng.
, 40
(2
), pp. 559
–569
.47.
Liu
, F.
, Ji
, Y.
, Sun
, Z.
, Wang
, G.
, and Bai
, Y.
, 2019
, “Enhancing Corrosion Resistance of Al-Cu/AZ31 Composites Synthesized by a Laser Cladding and FSP Hybrid Method
,” Mater. Manuf. Processes
, 34
(13
), pp. 1458
–1466
. 10.1080/10426914.2019.166143248.
Dinesh
, D.
, Megalingam
, A.
, Rajamurugan
, G.
, Arundeep
, M.
, and Tajdeen
, A.
, 2019
, “Evaluation of Microstructure and Tribological Characterization of Friction Stir Processed Al 6063/B4C+ SiO2 Composites
,” AIP Conf. Proc.
, 2128
(1
), p. 020030
. 10.1063/1.511794249.
Devaraju
, A.
, Kumar
, A.
, Kumaraswamy
, A.
, and Kotiveerachari
, B.
, 2013
, “Influence of Reinforcements (SiC and Al2O3) and Rotational Speed on Wear and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy 6061-T6 Based Surface Hybrid Composites Produced via Friction Stir Processing
,” Mater. Des.
, 51
, pp. 331
–341
. 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.02950.
Devaraju
, A.
, Kumar
, A.
, and Kotiveerachari
, B.
, 2013
, “Influence of Rotational Speed and Reinforcements on Wear and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Hybrid Composites via Friction Stir Processing
,” Mater. Des.
, 45
, pp. 576
–585
.51.
Sharma
, D.
, Patel
, V.
, Badheka
, V.
, Mehta
, K.
, and Upadhyay
, G.
, 2020
, “Different Reinforcement Strategies of Hybrid Surface Composite AA6061/(B4C+ MoS2) Produced by Friction Stir Processing
,” Materialwiss. Werkstofftech.
, 51
(11
), pp. 1493
–1506
.52.
Vignesh Kumar
, M.
, Padmanaban
, G.
, and Balasubramanian
, V.
, 2020
, “Role of Tool Pin Profiles on Wear Characteristics of Friction Stir Processed Magnesium Alloy ZK60/Silicon Carbide Surface Composites
,” Materialwiss. Werkstofftech.
, 51
(2
), pp. 140
–152
. 10.1002/mawe.20190000753.
Dani
, M. S.
, Dave
, I. B.
, and Parmar
, B.
, 2019
, “Corrosion Behavior of Die-Cast and Friction Stir-Processed AZ91 Magnesium Alloys in 5% NaCl
,” J. Inst. Eng.: Ser. D
, 100
(1
), pp. 21
–27
. 10.1007/s40033-019-00173-654.
Rana
, H.
, and Badheka
, V.
, 2019
, “Elucidation of the Role of Rotation Speed and Stirring Direction on AA 7075-B4C Surface Composites Formulated by Friction Stir Processing
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. L
, 233
(5
), pp. 977
–994
. 10.1177/146442071773654855.
Mehta
, K.
, and Badheka
, V.
, 2019
, “Wear Behavior of Boron-Carbide Reinforced Aluminum Surface Composites Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing
,” Wear
, 426
, pp. 975
–980
.56.
Pezeshkian
, M.
, Ebrahimzadeh
, I.
, and Gharavi
, F.
, 2018
, “Fabrication of Cu Surface Composite Reinforced by Ni Particles via Friction Stir Processing: Microstructure and Tribology Behaviors
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 140
(1
), p. 011607
. 10.1115/1.403706957.
Fekri Soustani
, M.
, Taghiabadi
, R.
, Jafarzadegan
, M.
, Shahriyari
, F.
, and Rahmani
, A.
, 2019
, “Improving the Tribological Properties of Al-7Fe-5Ni Alloys via Friction Stir Processing
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 141
(12
), p. 121602
. 10.1115/1.404472758.
Thangarasu
, A.
, Murugan
, N.
, Dinaharan
, I.
, and Vijay
, S.
, 2015
, “Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Carbide Particulate Reinforced AA6082 Aluminium Alloy Composites via Friction Stir Processing
,” Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng.
, 15
(2
), pp. 324
–334
. 10.1016/j.acme.2014.05.01059.
Patel
, V. V.
, Badheka
, V.
, and Kumar
, A.
, 2016
, “Friction Stir Processing as a Novel Technique to Achieve Superplasticity in Aluminum Alloys: Process Variables, Variants, and Applications
,” Metall. Microstruct. Anal.
, 5
(4
), pp. 278
–293
.60.
Patel
, V. V.
, Badheka
, V.
, and Kumar
, A.
, 2017
, “Effect of Polygonal Pin Profiles on Friction Stir Processed Superplasticity of AA7075 Alloy
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 240
, pp. 68
–76
.61.
Zhang
, W.
, Liu
, H.
, Ding
, H.
, and Fujii
, H.
, 2019
, “Grain Refinement and Superplastic Flow in Friction Stir Processed Ti–15V–3Cr–3Sn–3Al Alloy
,” J. Alloys Compd.
, 803
, pp. 901
–911
.62.
Patel
, V.
, Li
, W.
, Liu
, X.
, Wen
, Q.
, and Su
, Y.
, 2019
, “Through-Thickness Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Stationary Shoulder Friction Stir Processed AA7075
,” Mater. Sci. Technol.
, 35
(14
), pp. 1762
–1769
.63.
El-Mahallawy
, N.
, Majed
, A.
, and Maboud
, A. A. G. A.
, 2020
, “Effect of FSP Process Parameters With Air Blowing on Microstructure and Hardness of NiAl Bronze Alloy
,” Mater. Res. Express
, 7
(1
), p. 016590
. 10.1088/2053-1591/ab691a64.
Patel
, V.
, Li
, W.
, Liu
, X.
, Wen
, Q.
, Su
, Y.
, Shen
, J.
, and Fu
, B.
, 2020
, “Tailoring Grain Refinement Through Thickness in Magnesium Alloy via Stationary Shoulder Friction Stir Processing and Copper Backing Plate
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 784
, p. 139322
.65.
Grewal
, H. S.
, Arora
, H. S.
, Singh
, H.
, Agrawal
, A.
, and Mukherjee
, S.
, 2014
, “Improving Erosion Resistance of Hydroturbine Steel Using Friction Stir Processing
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 136
(4
), p. 041102
. 10.1115/1.402762266.
Sharma
, V.
, Prakash
, U.
, and Kumar
, B. M.
, 2015
, “Surface Composites by Friction Stir Processing: A Review
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 224
, pp. 117
–134
. 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.04.01967.
Patel
, V.
, Li
, W.
, Vairis
, A.
, and Badheka
, V.
, 2019
, “Recent Development in Friction Stir Processing as a Solid-State Grain Refinement Technique: Microstructural Evolution and Property Enhancement
,” Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci.
, 44
(5
), pp. 378
–426
. 10.1080/10408436.2018.149025168.
Ratna Sunil
, B.
, 2016
, “Different Strategies of Secondary Phase Incorporation Into Metallic Sheets by Friction Stir Processing in Developing Surface Composites
,” Int. J. Mech. Mater. Eng.
, 11
(1
), pp. 1
–8
. 10.1186/s40712-016-0054-269.
Heidarpour
, A.
, Ahmadifard
, S.
, and Kazemi
, S.
, 2018
, “On the Al5083–Al2O3–TiO2 Hybrid Surface Nanocomposite Produced by Friction Stir Processing
,” Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf.
, 54
(3
), pp. 409
–415
. 10.1134/S207020511803027970.
Fotoohi
, H.
, Lotfi
, B.
, Sadeghian
, Z.
, and Byeon
, J.-w.
, 2019
, “Microstructural Characterization and Properties of In Situ Al-Al3Ni/TiC Hybrid Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing Using Reactive Powder
,” Mater. Charact.
, 149
, pp. 124
–132
. 10.1016/j.matchar.2019.01.02471.
Zangabad
, P. S.
, Khodabakhshi
, F.
, Simchi
, A.
, and Kokabi
, A.
, 2016
, “Fatigue Fracture of Friction-Stir Processed Al–Al3Ti–MgO Hybrid Nanocomposites
,” Int. J. Fatigue
, 87
, pp. 266
–278
. 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.02.00772.
Liu
, F.
, Ji
, Y.
, Meng
, Q.
, and Li
, Z.
, 2016
, “Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Laser Cladding and Friction Stir Processing Hybrid Modification Al-Si Coatings on AZ31B
,” Vacuum
, 133
, pp. 31
–37
. 10.1016/j.vacuum.2016.08.01073.
Barmouz
, M.
, Zall
, V.
, and Pashazadeh
, H.
, 2016
, “Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Hybrid Cu-SiC-Zn Composites Fabricated Via Friction Stir Processing
,” Mater. Res.
, 19
(6
), pp. 1292
–1298
. 10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2016-015274.
Du
, Z.
, Tan
, M. J.
, Guo
, J. F.
, Bi
, G.
, and Wei
, J.
, 2016
, “Fabrication of a new Al-Al2O3-CNTs Composite Using Friction Stir Processing (FSP)
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 667
, pp. 125
–131
. 10.1016/j.msea.2016.04.09475.
Srinivasu
, R.
, Rao
, A. S.
, Reddy
, G. M.
, and Rao
, K. S.
, 2015
, “Friction Stir Surfacing of Cast A356 Aluminium–Silicon Alloy With Boron Carbide and Molybdenum Disulphide Powders
,” Def. Technol.
, 11
(2
), pp. 140
–146
. 10.1016/j.dt.2014.09.00476.
Jalilvand
, M. M.
, Mazaheri
, Y.
, Heidarpour
, A.
, and Roknian
, M.
, 2019
, “Development of A356/Al2O3+ SiO2 Surface Hybrid Nanocomposite by Friction Stir Processing
,” Surf. Coat. Technol.
, 360
, pp. 121
–132
. 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.12.12677.
Komarasamy
, M.
, Mishra
, R. S.
, Baumann
, J. A.
, Grant
, G.
, and Hovanski
, Y.
, 2013
, “Microstructure and Mechanical Property Correlation in Al-B4C Surface Composite Produced via Friction Stir Processing,” Friction Stir Welding and Processing VII
, R.
Mishra
, M. W.
Mahoney
, Y.
Sato
, Y.
Hovanski
, and R.
Verma
, eds., Springer
, Cham
, pp. 39
–46
.78.
Gandra
, J.
, Miranda
, R.
, Vilaça
, P.
, Velhinho
, A.
, and Teixeira
, J. P.
, 2011
, “Functionally Graded Materials Produced by Friction Stir Processing
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 211
(11
), pp. 1659
–1668
. 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.04.01679.
Thankachan
, T.
, Prakash
, K. S.
, and Kavimani
, V.
, 2019
, “Investigating the Effects of Hybrid Reinforcement Particles on the Microstructural, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Friction Stir Processed Copper Surface Composites
,” Compos. Part B: Eng.
, 174
, p. 107057
. 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.10705780.
Heydarian
, A.
, Dehghani
, K.
, and Slamkish
, T.
, 2014
, “Optimizing Powder Distribution in Production of Surface Nano-Composite via Friction Stir Processing
,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B
, 45
(3
), pp. 821
–826
. 10.1007/s11663-014-0025-z81.
Li
, C.
, Feng
, X.
, Shen
, Y.
, and Chen
, W.
, 2016
, “Preparation of Al2O3/TiO2 Particle-Reinforced Copper Through Plasma Spraying and Friction Stir Processing
,” Mater. Des.
, 90
, pp. 922
–930
. 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.11.04782.
Sharifitabar
, M.
, Kashefi
, M.
, and Khorshahian
, S.
, 2016
, “Effect of Friction Stir Processing Pass Sequence on Properties of Mg–ZrSiO4–Al2O3 Surface Hybrid Micro/Nano-Composites
,” Mater. Des.
, 108
, pp. 1
–7
. 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.06.08783.
Barenji
, R. V.
, Khojastehnezhad
, V. M.
, Pourasl
, H. H.
, and Rabiezadeh
, A.
, 2016
, “Wear Properties of Al–Al2O3/TiB2 Surface Hybrid Composite Layer Prepared by Friction Stir Process
,” J. Compos. Mater.
, 50
(11
), pp. 1457
–1466
. 10.1177/002199831559200784.
Aruri
, D.
, Adepu
, K.
, Adepu
, K.
, and Bazavada
, K.
, 2013
, “Wear and Mechanical Properties of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy Surface Hybrid Composites [(SiC+ Gr) and (SiC+ Al2O3)] Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing
,” J. Mater. Res. Technol.
, 2
(4
), pp. 362
–369
. 10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.10.00485.
Khan
, M.
, Rehman
, A.
, Aziz
, T.
, Naveed
, K.
, Ahmad
, I.
, and Subhani
, T.
, 2017
, “Cold Formability of Friction Stir Processed Aluminum Composites Containing Carbon Nanotubes and Boron Carbide Particles
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 701
, pp. 382
–388
.86.
Khan
, M.
, Rehman
, A.
, Aziz
, T.
, Shahzad
, M.
, Naveed
, K.
, and Subhani
, T.
, 2018
, “Effect of Inter-Cavity Spacing in Friction Stir Processed Al 5083 Composites Containing Carbon Nanotubes and Boron Carbide Particles
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 253
, pp. 72
–85
. 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.11.00287.
Sharma
, A.
, Narsimhachary
, D.
, Sharma
, V. M.
, Sahoo
, B.
, and Paul
, J.
, 2019
, “Surface Modification of Al6061-SiC Surface Composite Through Impregnation of Graphene, Graphite & Carbon Nanotubes via FSP: A Tribological Study
,” Surf. Coat. Technol.
, 368
, pp. 175
–191
. 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.04.00188.
Sharma
, A.
, Sharma
, V. M.
, and Paul
, J.
, 2019
, “A Comparative Study on Microstructural Evolution and Surface Properties of Graphene/CNT Reinforced Al6061− SiC Hybrid Surface Composite Fabricated via Friction Stir Processing
,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China
, 29
(10
), pp. 2005
–2026
. 10.1016/S1003-6326(19)65108-389.
Gangil
, N.
, Maheshwari
, S.
, and Siddiquee
, A. N.
, 2018
, “Novel Use of Distribution Facilitators and Time–Temperature Range for Strengthening in Surface Composites on AA7050-T7451
,” Metall. Microstruct. Anal.
, 7
(5
), pp. 561
–577
. 10.1007/s13632-018-0474-x90.
Gangil
, N.
, Siddiquee
, A. N.
, and Maheshwari
, S.
, 2020
, “Investigation on the In-Process Traverse Force Evolution During Surface Composites Fabrication on Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy Through Friction Stir Processing
,” Mater. Today: Proc.
, 25
, pp. 686
–690
. 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.06291.
Thankachan
, T.
, Soorya Prakash
, K.
, and Kamarthin
, M.
, 2018
, “Optimizing the Tribological Behavior of Hybrid Copper Surface Composites Using Statistical and Machine Learning Techniques
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 140
(3
), p. 031610
. 10.1115/1.403868892.
Raheja
, G. S.
, Singh
, S.
, and Prakash
, C.
, 2020
, “Development of Hybrid Gr/SiC Reinforced AMCs Through Friction Stir Processing
,” Mater. Today: Proc.
, in press.93.
Thankachan
, T.
, Prakash
, K. S.
, and Kavimani
, V.
, 2018
, “Effect of Friction Stir Processing and Hybrid Reinforcements on Copper
,” Mater. Manuf. Processes
, 33
(15
), pp. 1681
–1692
. 10.1080/10426914.2018.145314994.
Khojastehnezhad
, V. M.
, Pourasl
, H. H.
, and Vatankhah Barenji
, R.
, 2019
, “Effect of Tool pin Profile on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Processed Al6061/Al2O3—TiB2 Surface Hybrid Composite Layer
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. L
, 233
(5
), pp. 900
–912
. 10.1177/146442071771504895.
Kurt
, H. I.
, 2016
, “Influence of Hybrid Ratio and Friction Stir Processing Parameters on Ultimate Tensile Strength of 5083 Aluminum Matrix Hybrid Composites
,” Compos. Part B: Eng.
, 93
, pp. 26
–34
. 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.02.05696.
Kurt
, H. I.
, Oduncuoglu
, M.
, and Asmatulu
, R.
, 2016
, “Wear Behavior of Aluminum Matrix Hybrid Composites Fabricated Through Friction Stir Welding Process
,” J. Iron Steel Res. Int.
, 23
(10
), pp. 1119
–1126
. 10.1016/S1006-706X(16)30165-097.
Patil
, N. A.
, Pedapati
, S. R.
, Mamat
, O. B.
, and Hidayat Syah Lubis
, A. M.
, 2019
, “Optimization of Friction Stir Process Parameters for Enhancement in Surface Properties of Al 7075-SiC/Gr Hybrid Surface Composites
,” Coatings
, 9
(12
), p. 830
. 10.3390/coatings912083098.
Kumar
, T. S.
, Shalini
, S.
, and Kumar
, K. K.
, 2020
, “Effect of Friction Stir Processing and Hybrid Reinforcement on Wear Behaviour of AA6082 Alloy Composite
,” Mater. Res. Express
, 7
(2
), p. 026507
.99.
Moustafa
, E. B.
, Melaibari
, A.
, and Basha
, M.
, 2020
, “Wear and Microhardness Behaviors of AA7075/SiC-BN Hybrid Nanocomposite Surfaces Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing
,” Ceramics International
, 46
(10
), pp. 16938
–16943
.100.
Adibpour
, A. H.
, Ebrahimzadeh
, I.
, and Gharavi
, F.
, 2018
, “Microstructural and Tribological Properties of A356 Based Surface Hybrid Composite Produced by Friction Stir Processing
,” Mater. Res. Express
, 6
(1
), p. 016501
. 10.1088/2053-1591/aae0c5101.
Azimi-Roeen
, G.
, Kashani-Bozorg
, S. F.
, Nosko
, M.
, Nagy
, S.
, and Matko
, I.
, 2018
, “Formation of Al/(Al13Fe4 + Al2O3) Nano-Composites via Mechanical Alloying and Friction Stir Processing
,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform.
, 27
, pp. 471
–482
.102.
AzimiRoeen
, G.
, Kashani-Bozorg
, S. F.
, Nosko
, M.
, and Lotfian
, S.
, 2019
, “Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Hybrid Aluminum Nanocomposites Synthesized From an Al–Fe3O4 System by Friction Stir Processing
,” Met. Mater. Int.
, 26
, pp. 1441
–1453
. 10.1007/s12540-019-00393-1103.
Alishavandi
, M.
, Khollari
, M. A. R.
, Ebadi
, M.
, Alishavandi
, S.
, and Kokabi
, A. H.
, 2020
, “Corrosion-Wear Behavior of AA1050/Mischmetal Oxides Surface Nanocomposite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing
,” J. Alloys Compd.
, 832
, p. 153964
. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.153964104.
Alishavandi
, M.
, Ebadi
, M.
, Alishavandi
, S.
, and Kokabi
, A. H.
, 2020
, “Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of AA1050/Mischmetal Oxide In-Situ Hybrid Surface Nanocomposite by Multi-Pass Friction Stir Processing
,” Surf. Coat. Technol.
, 388
, p. 125488
. 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125488105.
Sharma
, S.
, Handa
, A.
, Singh
, S. S.
, and Verma
, D.
, 2019
, “Influence of Tool Rotation Speeds on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Friction Stir Processed Nano Hybrid Composite of MWCNT-Graphene-AZ31 Magnesium
,” J. Magnesium Alloys
, 7
(3
), pp. 487
–500
. 10.1016/j.jma.2019.07.001106.
Sharma
, S.
, Handa
, A.
, Singh
, S. S.
, and Verma
, D.
, 2019
, “Synthesis of a Novel Hybrid Nanocomposite of AZ31Mg-Graphene-MWCNT by Multi-Pass Friction Stir Processing and Evaluation of Mechanical Properties
,” Mater. Res. Express
, 6
(12
), p. 126531
. 10.1088/2053-1591/ab54da107.
Jalilvand
, M. M.
, and Mazaheri
, Y.
, 2020
, “Effect of Mono and Hybrid Ceramic Reinforcement Particles on the Tribological Behavior of the AZ31 Matrix Surface Composites Developed by Friction Stir Processing
,” Ceram. Int.
, 46
(12
), pp. 20345
–20356
. 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.05.123108.
Ostovan
, F.
, Amanollah
, S.
, Toozandehjani
, M.
, and Shafiei
, E.
, 2020
, “Fabrication of Al5083 Surface Hybrid Nanocomposite Reinforced by CNTs and Al2O3 Nanoparticles Using Friction Stir Processing
,” J. Compos. Mater.
, 54
(8
), pp. 1107
–1117
. 10.1177/0021998319874849109.
Karpasand
, F.
, Abbasi
, A.
, and Ardestani
, M.
, 2020
, “Effect of Amount of TiB2 and B4C Particles on Tribological Behavior of Al7075/B4C/TiB2 Mono and Hybrid Surface Composites Produced by Friction Stir Processing
,” Surf. Coat. Technol.
, 390
, p. 125680
. 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125680110.
Raheja
, G. S.
, Singh
, S.
, and Prakash
, C.
, 2020
, “Processing and Characterization of Al5086-Gr-SiC Hybrid Surface Composite Using Friction Stir Technique
,” Mater. Today: Proc.
, 28
, pp. 1350
–1354
. 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.729111.
Heidarpour
, A.
, 2019
, “Fabrication and Characterization of A5083-WC-Al2O3 Surface Composite by Friction Stir Processing
,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform.
, 28
(5
), pp. 2747
–2753
. 10.1007/s11665-019-04093-0112.
Mahesh
, V.
, and Arora
, A.
, 2019
, “Effect of Tool Shoulder Diameter on the Surface Hardness of Aluminum-Molybdenum Surface Composites Developed by Single and Double Groove Friction Stir Processing
,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A
, 50
(11
), pp. 5373
–5383
. 10.1007/s11661-019-05410-x113.
Moharrami
, A.
, Razaghian
, A.
, Emamy
, M.
, and Taghiabadi
, R.
, 2019
, “Effect of Tool Pin Profile on the Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Friction Stir Processed Al-20 wt% Mg2Si Composite
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 141
(12
), p. 122202
. 10.1115/1.4044672114.
Patel
, S. K.
, Singh
, V. P.
, and Kuriachen
, B.
, 2019
, “Friction Stir Processing of Alloys With Secondary Phase Particles: an Overview
,” Mater. Manuf. Processes
, 34
(13
), pp. 1429
–1457
. 10.1080/10426914.2019.1662037115.
Rathee
, S.
, Maheshwari
, S.
, Siddiquee
, A. N.
, and Srivastava
, M.
, 2018
, “A Review of Recent Progress in Solid State Fabrication of Composites and Functionally Graded Systems via Friction Stir Processing
,” Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci.
, 43
(4
), pp. 334
–366
. 10.1080/10408436.2017.1358146116.
Dieter
, G.
, 2005
, Mechanical Metallurgy, 1988, si Metric Edition
, McGraw-Hill Book Company
, London
.Copyright © 2021 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
