... contact yield initiation, in terms of the critical pressure, location of the first yield, and plasticity index (transition to plasticity) to case-hardening parameters, such as the case slope, the minimum case depth, and surface and bulk strengths, are derived to facilitate contact element designs using...

...L. Li; I. Etsion; F. E. Talke A model for the contact area and static friction of nominally flat rough surfaces and rough spherical surfaces is presented. The model extends previously published models, which are limited to plasticity index values below 8, to higher plasticity index values...